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{"sheet":"Read Me","index":0,"n_rows":27,"n_cols":3,"rows_kept":27,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[20,1,20,13],[21,1,21,13],[25,1,25,13],[26,1,26,13],[0,0,0,14],[1,0,1,14],[8,1,8,13],[10,1,10,13],[24,1,24,13],[2,0,2,14],[3,0,3,14],[4,0,4,14],[5,0,5,14],[6,0,6,14],[23,1,23,13],[18,1,18,13],[12,1,12,13],[14,2,14,12],[15,2,15,12],[16,2,16,12]]}
["Air Pollution Control Cost Estimation Spreadsheet"]
["For Wet and Dry Scrubbers for Acid Gas Control"]
["U.S. Environmental Protection Agency "]
["Air Economics Group"]
["Health and Environmental Impacts Division"]
["Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards"]
["(May 2021)"]
[]
[null,"This spreadsheet allows users to estimate the capital and annualized costs for installing and operating scrubbers for reducing sulfur dioxide and acidic gas emissions from fossil fuel-fired combustion units and other industrial sources of acid gases.  "]
[]
[null,"The calculation methodologies used in this spreadsheet are those presented in the U.S. EPA's Air Pollution Control Cost Manual.  This spreadsheet is intended to be used in combination with the acid gas absorber chapter and cost estimation methodology in the Control Cost Manual. For a detailed description of acid gas absorbers and the cost methodologies, see Section 5, Chapter 1 (Wet and Dry Scrubbers for Acid Gas Control) of the Air Pollution Control Cost Manual (as updated in 2021).  A copy of the Control Cost Manual is available on the U.S. EPA's \"Technology Transfer Network\" website at: https://www.epa.gov/economic-and-cost-analysis-air-pollution-regulations/cost-reports-and-guidance-air-pollution."]
[]
[null,"This spreadsheet can be used to estimate capital and annualized costs for three types of acid gas scrubbers: "]
[]
[null,"(1)   ","Wet flue gas desulfurization (WFGD) systems used to control SO2 emissions from coal-fired utility boilers over 100 MW."]
[null,"(2)   ","Spray dryer absorber (SDA) used to control SO2 emissions from coal-fired utility boilers of equal to or greater than 50 MW."]
[null,"(3)   ","Wet packed-bed scrubbers used to control acid gases from industrial emission sources of any size."]
[]
[null,"WFGD and SDA Control Systems\nThe methodologies for WFGD and SDA systems are based on those from the U.S. EPA Clean Air Markets Division (CAMD)'s Integrated Planning Model (IPM version 6). The size and costs of a WFGD and SDA are based primarily on the size of the combustion unit and the sulfur content of the coal burned. The WFGD methodology include cost algorithms for capital and operating cost for wastewater treatment consisting of chemical pretreatment, low hydraulic residence time biological reduction and ultrafiltration to treat wastewater generated by the WFGD system. The IPM equations estimate the purchased equipment cost and the direct and indirect installation costs based on cost data for multiple lump-sum contracts. Turnkey contracts where the price is fixed at the time the contract is signed and the contractor undertakes responsibility for the completion of the project, are generally 10 to 15% higher than the multiple lump-sum contracts. For additional information regarding the IPM, see the EPA Clean Air Markets webpage at http://www.epa.gov/airmarkets/power-sector-modeling. \n\nUsers should complete the Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs tab to estimate costs for WFGD and SDA systems. "]
[]
[null,"Packed-Bed Scrubbers\nThe cost methodology for wet packed-bed scrubbers can be used for estimating costs for any size of packed tower absorber used to control flue gas containing any acidic pollutants (e.g., HCl and HF). The capital and operating costs are based on the waste gas composition and properties of the pollutant and sorbent.  The waste gas is assumed to comprise a two-component waste gas mixture (pollutant/air), where the pollutant consists of a single compound present in dilute quantities. The waste gas is assumed to behave as an ideal gas and the solvent is assumed to behave as an ideal solution. Heat effects associated with absorption are considered to be minimal due to the low pollutant concentration. The procedures also assume that, in chemical absorption, the process is not reaction rate limited, i.e., the reaction of the pollutant with the solvent is considered fast compared to the rate of absorption of the pollutant into the solvent. \n\nUsers should complete the PB Scrubber Data Inputs tab to estimate costs for packed-bed scrubbers."]
[null,"The calculations provide study-level estimates (±30%) of capital and annual costs. Default values included in the spreadsheet are taken from the Control Cost Manual and other sources, such as the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), and are included only as an example of how to complete the data inputs sheets. The actual costs may vary from those calculated here due to site-specific conditions. Selection of the most cost-effective control option should be based on a detailed engineering study and cost quotations from control system suppliers. "]
[]
[null,"Instructions "]
[null,"Step 1: Please select the FGD Data Inputs or PB Scrubber Data Inputs tab. Click he Reset Form button at the top of the sheet to reset all parameters to default values. "]
[null,"Step 2: Complete the cells highlighted in yellow. The highlighted cells are pre-populated with example or default values. Users should replace the pre-populated values with current values for each parameter that are specific to the facility. All data entry fields in the PB Scrubber Data Inputs tab should be completed. While most fields in the FGD Data Inputs tab apply to both WFGD and SDA systems, a few data entry fields are specific to the type of control system and may be left blank if the user does not wish to estimate costs for both systems. References documenting the source of each value should be documented in the Data Sources for Default Values Used in Calculations located on the FGD Data Inputs and PB Scrubber Data Inputs tabs."]
[null,"Step 3: Once all of the data fields are complete, select the SDA Design Parameters, WFGD Design Parameters, or PB Scrubber Design Parameters tab (as applicable) to see the calculated design parameters. Select the SDA Cost Estimate, WFGD Cost Estimate, or PB Scrubber Cost Estimate tabs to view the calculated cost data for the installation and operation of the scrubber. "]

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["Data Inputs for Spray Dryer Absorber and Wet FGD"]
[]
["Enter the following data for your combustion unit:"]
[]
[null,"Is the FGD for a new boiler or retrofit of an existing boiler?"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Retrofit Box"]
[null,"Please enter a retrofit factor. Enter 1 for projects of average difficulty. Enter values >1 for more difficult retrofits and enter <1 for less difficult retrofits.",null,null,null,null,1,{"$f":"IF(G7>1, \"* NOTE: You must document why a retrofit factor of \"&G7&\" is appropriate for the proposed project.\", \" \")","v":" "},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null," "]
["Directions: Enter data in highlighted data fields.",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"New Construction",3]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Retrofit"]
[null,"What is the gross MW rating at full load capacity (A)?",{"$f":"295600*0.8573/8589","v":29.504934218186047},"MW"]
[]
["Provide the following information for the coal burned:",null," "," ",null,null,null,null," "]
[null,"Select type of coal burned:",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Select Coal Type"]
[null,null," "," ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Bituminous",3]
[null,"Enter the sulfur content (%S)",null,"percent by weight","OR"," SO2 Emissions (SO2in)",null,0.2,"lb/MMBtu",{"$f":"IF(AND(C15>0,H15>0),\"*Note: If you enter values for both sulfur content and SO2 emission rate, the SO2 emission rate in lbs/MMBtu will be used to estimate costs.\",\" \")","v":" "},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Sub-Bituminous"]
[null,null,{"$f":"IF(OR(C15>0,H15>0),\" \",\"*You must enter a value for either percent sulfur content or SO2 emission rate!\")","v":" "},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Lignite"]
[null,"Oulet SO2 Emissions (SO2out)",0.01,"lb/MMBtu",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Coal blend"]
[null,null," "]
[null,"For units burning coal blends:",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Landfill?",3]
[null,"The table below is pre-populated with default values for HHV and percent sulfur. Please enter the actual values for these parameters in the table below. If the actual value for any parameter is not known, you may use the default values provided.   "]
[null,"Coal Blend Composition Table",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Onsite Landfill"]
[null,null,"Fraction in Coal Blend","Percent Sulfur","HHV (Btu/lb)",null,"Calculated sulfur content of coal blend",null,0,"percent",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Offsite Landfill"]
[null,"Bituminous",0,1.84,11841]
[null,"Sub-Bituminous",0,0.41,8826]
[null,"Lignite",0,0.82,6626]
[]
[null,"Please click the calculate button to calculate weighted values based on the data in the table above.  ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2,"Yes"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Note:  If P25= Yes, then BTF = 0.75 for fluid bed boilers; Else BTF=1","No"]
[]
[null,null,{"$f":"IF(C17>0,\" \",\"*You must enter a value for the outlet SO2 emission rate!\")","v":" "}]
[null," "]
[null,"What is the higher heating value of the fuel (HHV)?",null,"Btu/lb",{"$f":"IF(H15>0,\"*Note: You do not need to enter a value for the HHV since you entered SO2 emissions in lb/MMBtu above\",\" \")","v":"*Note: You do not need to enter a value for the HHV since you entered SO2 emissions in lb/MMBtu above"}]
[null,{"$f":"IF(C32=M23,\"*HHV is the weighted average value calculated using the values entered in the coal blend composition table.\",(IF(OR(C32=C77,C32=1033,C32=11814,C32=6534,C32=8730,C32=141468),\"*HHV value of \"&C32&\" \"&D32&\" is a default value. See below for data source. Enter actual HHV for fuel burned, if known. \",\" \")))","v":"*HHV is the weighted average value calculated using the values entered in the coal blend composition table."}]
[null,"What is the estimated actual annual MWh output?",{"$f":"C10*C44","v":258463.22375130976},"MWh"]
[]
[null,"Waste from a WFDG system disposed in an onsite or offsite landfill?"]
[]
[null,"Gross heat input rate (GHR)",{"$f":"295.6/C10","v":10.018663245071739},"MMBtu/MWh"]
[null,null," "]
[null,null," "]
[]
["Enter the following design parameters for the proposed FGD System:"]
[]
[null,"Number of hours the scrubber operates (tABS)",8760,"Hours",null,null,"Plant Elevation",null,446,"Feet above sea level"]
[null,"Number of hours the boiler operates (tplant)",8760,"Hours"]
[null,"Number of Full Time Operators (FT): "]
[null,"                                SDA System"]
[null,"                                WFGD system",6]
[null,"Estimated equipment life:"]
[null,"                                SDA System",null,"Years"]
[null,"                                Wet FGD System",30,"Years"]
[null,"Estimated equipment life for mercury monitor for wastewater treatment system for Wet FGD Systems",6,"Years"]
[]
["Enter the cost data for the proposed FGD System:"]
[]
[null,"Desired dollar-year for Capital Costs",2022]
[null,{"$f":"\"CEPCI for \" & C56","v":"CEPCI for 2022"},708,{"$f":"IF(C56=2016,\" \",\"Enter the CEPCI value for \"&C56)","v":"Enter the CEPCI value for 2022"},null,541.70000000000005,"2016 CEPCI*"]
[null,"Annual Interest Rate (i)",7.5,{"$f":"IF(C58=3.25, \"Percent**\", \"Percent\")","v":"Percent"},{"$f":"IF(C58=3.25,\"** 3.25 percent is the default bank prime rate. User should enter current bank prime rate (available at https://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/h15/.)\",\" \")","v":" "}]
[null,"Sorbent Cost:"]
[null,"Lime (for SDA)",null,"$/ton of Lime"]
[null,"Limestone (for Wet FGD)",288,"$/ton of Limestone"]
[null,"Water (Costwater)",1.217E-2,{"$f":"\"$/gallon\"&(IF(C62=0.00417, \"*\",\" \"))","v":"$/gallon "}]
[null,"Electricity (Costelect)",0.20499999999999999,{"$f":"\"$/kWh\"&(IF(OR(C63=0.0676, C63=0.0361), \"*\",\" \"))","v":"$/kWh "}]
[null,"Waste Disposal cost (Costwaste)",257,{"$f":"\"$/ton\"&(IF(C64=48.8, \"*\",\"\"))","v":"$/ton"}]
[null,"Labor Rate",49,"$/hour"]
[null,"Purchase Equipment Cost for Mercury Monitor for wastewater treatment System (MMCost) ",0,"$/monitor"]
[null,"*Note:  CEPCI = Chemical Engineering Plant Cost Index. The use of CEPCI in this spreadsheet is not an endorsement of the index, but is there merely to allow for availability of a well-known cost index to spreadsheet users. Use of other well-known cost indexes (e.g., M&S) is acceptable.",null,null,null,null,null,null,null," "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null," "]
["Data Sources for Default Values Used in Calculations: ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null," "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null," "]
[null,"Data Element","Default Value","Sources for Default Value",null,null,null,null,null,"If you used your own site-specific values, please enter the  value used and the reference  source . . . ",null,null,null,null,"Recommended data sources for site-specific information"]
[null,"Lime ($/ton)",125,"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Documentation for EPA's Power Sector Modeling Platform v6 Using the Integrated Planning Model. Office of Air and Radiation. January 2017. Available at:  https://www.epa.gov/airmarkets/documentation-epas-power-sector-modeling-platform-v6.",null,null,null,null,null,"Not applicable",null,null,null,null,"N/A"]
[null,"Limestone ($/ton)",30,"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Documentation for EPA's Power Sector Modeling Platform v6 Using the Integrated Planning Model. Office of Air and Radiation. January 2017. Available at:  https://www.epa.gov/airmarkets/documentation-epas-power-sector-modeling-platform-v6.",null,null,null,null,null,"$288/ton was used. This information was provided by UAF personnel for the limestone currently delivered to site and being burned in the boiler. Additional refinement needs to be accounted for as the current limestone particle sizes are too big for the a WFGD slurry feed stream. It is assumed that any particle refinement is being accounted for in the Reagent Preparation Equipment Costs that are calculated in the \"WFGD Cost Estimate\" tab. It is not fully understood what equipment is included in the EPA provided costs. If additional milling is not part of the Reagent Preparation Equipment Costs, then additional pricing of a mill should be included. For this scenario, additional pricing for a mill was not included.",null,null,null,null,"Check with reagent vendors for current prices. "]
[null,"Water Cost ($/gallon)",4.1999999999999997E-3,"Average water rates for industrial facilities (compiled by Black & Veatch. See '50 Largest Cities Water/Wastewater Rate Survey - 2018-2019.'Available at www.bv.com/sites/default/files/2019-10/50_Largest_Cities_Rate_Survey_2018_2019_Report.pdf.",null,null,null,null,null,"$0.0122/gallon of water pricing was provided by UAF Facility Services Utility Rates for 2022",null,null,null,null,"Plant's utility bill or  Black & Veatch's \"50 Largest Cities Water/Wastewater Rate Survey.\" Available at http://www.saws.org/who_we_are/community/RAC/docs/2014/50-largest-cities-brochure-water-wastewater-rate-survey.pdf. ."]
[null,"Electricity Cost ($/kWh)",3.61E-2,"U.S. Energy Information Administration. Electric Power Annual 2016, Table 8.4, Published December 2017. Available at: https://www.eia.gov/electricity/annual/pdf/epa.pdf ",null,null,null,null,null,"$0.2050/kWh electricity pricing was provided by UAF Facility Services Utility Rates for 2022",null,null,null,null,"Plant's utility bill or use U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) data for most recent year. Available at http://www.eia.gov/electricity/data.cfm#sales. "]
[null,"Waste Disposal Cost ($/ton)",30,"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Documentation for EPA's Power Sector Modeling Platform v6 Using the Integrated Planning Model. Office of Air and Radiation. January 2017. Available at:  https://www.epa.gov/airmarkets/documentation-epas-power-sector-modeling-platform-v6.",null,null,null,null,null,"$257/ton.\nAsh hauling rates provided by UAF personnel ranged from $220-$293/ton. The variance is mostly attributed to the moisture content in the ash as well as the water added prior to load out to mitigate dust during transportation. $257 was used as it was an average of the low and high value. Email dated 7/8/22 from Frances Isgrigg (UAF) to Mark Payne (SCI) and Courtney Kimball (Boreal). It should be noted that the ash disposal does not include any additional costs for regulated or hazardous waste pollutants that may be captured during the WFGD process. The ash hauling rates being used in the spreadsheet may or may not increase due to additional pollutants in the ash. We believe that using the current average ash hauling rate will provide a conservatively low effective cost for SO2 removal per year.",null,null,null,null,"Check with reagent vendors for current prices. "]
[null,"Higher Heating Value (HHV) (Btu/lb)",8826,"Average HHV based 2016 coal data compiled by the Office of Oil, Gas, and Coal Supply Statistics, U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) from data reported on EIA Form EIA-923, Power Plant Operations Report. Available at http://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/eia923/.",null,null,null,null,null,"N/A. Value was not needed as SO2 content was specified as lb/MMBtu.",null,null,null,null,"Fuel supplier or use  U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) data for most recent year. Available at http://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/eia923/."]
[null,"Average Sulfur Content (%)",0.41,"Average sulfur content based on U.S. coal data for 2016 compiled by the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) from data reported on EIA Form EIA-923, Power Plant Operations Report. Available at http://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/eia923/.",null,null,null,null,null,"Sulfur content is not being used because inlet SO2 emissions are provided instead. The inlet SO2 emission rate is 0.20 lb/MMBtu per Condition 13.1 of Permit AQ0316MSS06 Revision 2. That emission rate is the basis of the SO2 PTE for EU 113 (258.9 tpy per Condition 13 of Permit AQ0316MSS06 Revision ",null,null,null,null,"Fuel supplier or use  U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) data for most recent year. Available at http://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/eia923/."]
[null,"Interest Rate",3.25,"Default bank prime rate March 2, 2021 (available as the rates listed under 'bank prime loan' at https://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/h15/).",null,null,null,null,null,"7.50%. Updated prime rate as of December 27, 2022.",null,null,null,null,"Use current bank prime rate available at https://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/h15/."]
[null,"Hourly Labor Rate ($/hour)",60,"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Documentation for EPA's Power Sector Modeling Platform v6 Using the Integrated Planning Model. Office of Air and Radiation. January 2017. Available at:  https://www.epa.gov/airmarkets/documentation-epas-power-sector-modeling-platform-v6.",null,null,null,null,null,"$49/hour. Value provided by Frances Isgrigg (UAF). This is a burdened rate of an individual who would be working on this equipment at the plant.",null,null,null,null,"Plant data."]
[null,"Data Element","Default Value","Sources for Default Value",null,null,null,null,null,"If you used your own site-specific values, please enter the  value used and the reference  source . . . ",null,null,null,null,"Recommended data sources for site-specific information"]
["Cell C10","Gross MW rating at full load capacity","N/A","The facility at UAF was designed and constructed as a Combined Heat Power facility which serves the University in two ways; providing distribution steam for campus heating and other processes, and electricity for electrical demand on the campus. The Boiler and Steam Turbine at UAF were design as a bottoming cycle facility which means that the boiler is ramped as needed to meet the amount of steam heating that is required on campus. The left over steam is sent to the steam turbine to convert the remaining energy to electricity. This differs to a traditional power plant that uses all of it's generated steam to generate electricity with little to no distribution of steam for processes or users. In order to utilize the EPA spreadsheet, a theoretical MW value needed to be calculated for the CHP facility. To calculate an electrical generation power plant equivalency, we used the BTU input of the Boiler (total coal flow into the boiler), then using the Boiler efficiency which equates the amount of BTU's that the boiler captures in the steam cycle. These BTU's were then divided by the Steam Turbine efficiency, also know has Heat Rate (BTU/kW) which yields a theoretical MW value based on how the steam turbine can convert BTU's to kW. The resultant was used as a electrical \"equivalent\" in the spreadsheet. It should be noted that the facility has no way of generating the calculated theoretical MW value as the existing Steam Turbine cannot operate beyond it's 17MW nameplate.",null,null,null,null,null,"Value used: 29.5 MW\n\"CHPP MW Equivalent\" = Boiler BTU Input x Boiler Efficiency / Steam Turbine Heat Rate.\nBoiler input: 295,600,000 lb/hr (Provided by B&W)\nBoiler efficiency: 85.73% (Provided by B&W)\nSteam Turbine efficiency: 8,589 Btu/kWh (Provided by Shin Nippon)"]
["C17","Oulet SO2 Emissions (SO2out) (lb/mmbtu)","N/A","SO2 output emissions",null,null,null,null,null,"0.01 lb/mmbtu was entered to show the WFGD efficiency at 95%"]
["Cell C34","Annual MWH output","N/A","This calculates the total MWh produced by the boiler. This was calculated using electrical capacity equivalent MW (rating) and multiplying by 8,760 hours per year for an annual MWh output",null,null,null,null,null,"258,463 MWh\n\nAnnual MWh output = Capacity x hours of operation/year\nAnnual MWh output = 29.50MW x 8,760 hours/year"]
["Cell C38","Gross heat input rate","N/A","This calculates the total amount of heat input into the boiler by the coal per MW electrical capacity. Values of the equation include: Permitted Maximum Heat Input into the Boiler (MMBtu/hr) / MW capacity",null,null,null,null,null,"10.02 MMBTU/MWh\n\nGross Heat Input Rate (GHIR) = Max Heat Input / MW capacity\nGHIR = 295.6 MMBtu/hr / 29.5 MW\nGHIR = 10.02 MMBTU/MWh"]
["Cell C44","Number of hours of Scrubber Operation","N/A","Value set at total hours that Scrubber can operate per year, but no more than Boiler operation.",null,null,null,null,null,"8,760 hours in one year."]
["Cell C45","Number of hours of Boiler Operation","N/A","Value set at total hours that Boiler can operate per year.",null,null,null,null,null,"8,760 hours in one year."]
["Cell C47","SDA System Full Time Operators",8,"EPA recommended default value of 8 operators for SDA system.",null,null,null,null,null,"Not applicable"]
["Cell C48","WFDG System Full Time Operators",12,"EPA recommended default value of 12 operators for WFGD system (<500MW plant size)",null,null,null,null,null,"Value used: 6\nThe EPA default value is 12 for a plant that is between 100 MW and 500 MW. The theoretical electrical capacity of the UAF CHPP is 29.5 MW. Based on the size of the equipment and the EPA recommendation, the value was set at 6 operators. The plant operates and staff's the plants operation for Monday thru Sunday, 24 hours per day. The plant has a total of 4 shifts available during the week (2 weekly sections, with each weekly section staffed during the day and separately at night).  WFGD's are material handling intensive and require support during material offloading, material transfer, material batching and during operational hours. 6 Full time operators averages to 1.25 fulltime equivalents during each shift. It should be noted that the sensitivity of operators on a WFGD cost effectiveness result is some what small. The difference in effectiveness between the currently used 6 operators and using no new additional operators is roughly $2,500/ton of SO2 removed ($28,500 to $26,000)."]
["Cell C57","CEPCI for 2022","N/A","Provide latest Chemical Engineering Plant Cost Index (CEPCI)",null,null,null,null,null,"Value used: 708\nValue was taken from Chemical Engineering magazine, August 2022 Issue. Value was provided as a final 2021 index number."]

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["Wet FGD Design Parameters"]
[]
["The following design parameters for the wet FGD system were calculated based on the values entered on the FGD Data Inputs tab. These values were used to prepare the costs shown on the Wet FGD Cost Estimate tab."]
[]
["Parameter","Equation","Calculated Value","Units"]
["Maximum Annual Heat Input Rate (QB) = ","A x GHR = ",{"$f":"'Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!C10*'Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!C38","v":295.60000000000002},"MMBtu/hour"]
["Maximum Annual MWh Output  (BMW) =","A x 8760 = ",{"$f":"'Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!C10*8760","v":258463.22375130976},"MWh"]
["Estimated Actual Annual MWh Output (Boutput) =","Value entered by user",{"$f":"'Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!C34","v":258463.22375130976},"MWh"]
["Heat Rate Factor (HRF) =","Gross Plant Heat Rate/10 =",{"$f":"'Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!C38/10","v":1.0018663245071739}]
["Total System Capacity Factor (CFtotal) =","(Boutput/Bmw)*(tABS/tplant) =",{"$f":"(C8/C7)*('Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!C44/'Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!C45)","v":1},"fraction"]
["Total effective operating time for the scrubber (top) =","CFtotal x 8760 =",{"$f":"C10*8760","v":8760},"hours"]
["SO2 Removal Efficiency (EF) =","(SO2in - SO2out)/SO2in =",{"$f":"((C16-'Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!C17)/C16)*100","v":95},"percent"]
["SO2 removed per hour =","SO2in x EF x QB  =",{"$f":"(C12/100)*C16*'WFGD Design Parameters'!C6","v":56.164000000000001},"lb/hour"]
["Total SO2 removed per year =","(SO2in x EF x QB x top)/2000 =",{"$f":"C13*C11/2000","v":245.99832000000001},"tons/year"]
["Coal Factor (CoalF) =","1 for bituminous; 1.05 for sub-bituminous; 1.07 for lignite (weighted average is used for coal blends)",{"$f":"IF('Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!S14=1,\" \",(IF('Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!S14=2,1,(IF('Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!S14=3,1.05,(IF('Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!S14=4,1.07,L15)))))))","v":1.05},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"$f":"((1*'Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!C23)+(1.05*'Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!C24)+(1.07*'Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!C25))/SUM('Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!C23:C25)","v":{"$error":"#DIV/0!"}}]
["Inlet SO2 Emissions (SO2in) =",{"$f":"IF('Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!H15>0,\"Value entered by user\",\"(Percent Sulfur/100) x (64/32) x 1,000,000)/Heat Input (Btu/Hour) =\")","v":"Value entered by user"},{"$f":"IF(OR('Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!H15=\" \",'Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!H15=0),(('Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!C15/100)*(64/32)*1000000)/'Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!C32,'Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!H15)","v":0.2},"lb/MMBtu"]
["Elevation Factor (ELEVF)  = ","14.7 psia/P =",{"$f":"IF('Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!I44<500, \" \", (14.7/C18))","v":" "},null,{"$f":"IF('Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!I44<500, \"Not applicable; elevation factor does not apply to plants located at elevations below 500 feet.\", \" \")","v":"Not applicable; elevation factor does not apply to plants located at elevations below 500 feet."}]
[{"$f":"IF('Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!I44=0,\"Atmospheric pressure at sea level (P) =\",\"Atmospheric pressure at \"&'Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!I44&\" feet above sea level (P) =\")","v":"Atmospheric pressure at 446 feet above sea level (P) ="},"2116 x [(59-(0.00356xh)+459.7)/518.6]5.256 x (1/144)* =",{"$f":"(2116)*(((59-(0.00356*'Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!I44)+459.7)/518.6)^5.256)*(1/144)","v":14.474223928639134},"psia"]
["Retrofit Factor (RF) =",{"$f":"IF('Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!S8=2,\"New Construction\",(IF('Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!S8=3,\"Retrofit to existing boiler\",\" \")))","v":"Retrofit to existing boiler"},{"$f":"IF('Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!S8=2,0.77,(IF('Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!S8=3,'Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!G7,\" \")))","v":1}]
["* Equation is from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Earth Atmosphere Model. Available at https://spaceflightsystems.grc.nasa.gov/education/rocket/atmos.html. "]
[]
["Capital Recovery Factor:"]
[]
["Parameter","Equation","Calculated Value"]
["Capital Recovery Factor (CRF) = ","i (1+ i)n/(1+ i)n - 1 =",{"$f":"ROUND((('Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!C58/100)*((1+'Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!C58/100)^'Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!C51))/(((1+'Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!C58/100)^'Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!C51)-1),4)","v":8.4699999999999998E-2},"Wet FGD System"]
[null,"Where n = Equipment Life and i= Interest Rate"]
[null,null,{"$f":"ROUND((('Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!C58/100)*((1+'Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!C58/100)^'Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!C52))/(((1+'Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!C58/100)^'Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!C52)-1),4)","v":0.21299999999999999},"Mercury Monitor for Wastewater Treatment System"]
[]
[]
["Parameter","Equation","Calculated Value","Units"]
["Electricity Usage:"]
["Electricity Consumption (P) = ","0.0112e0.155xS x CoalF x HRF x A x 1,000 =",{"$f":"0.0112*EXP(0.155*C16)*'WFGD Design Parameters'!C15*'WFGD Design Parameters'!C9*'Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!C10*1000","v":358.57076717985484},"kW"]
[]
["Water Usage:"]
["Water consumption (qwater) =                                                                          ","[(1.674 x S + 74.68) x A x CoalF x HRF]/1,000",{"$f":"(((1.674*C16)+74.68)*'Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!C10*'WFGD Design Parameters'!C15*'WFGD Design Parameters'!C9)/1000","v":2.3283093624000002},"kgallons/hour"]
[]
["Limestone Usage:"]
["Limestone consumption rate (QLimestone) =","[17.52 x A x S x HRF]/2,000] x (EF/0.98) =",{"$f":"((17.52*'Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!C10*C16*'WFGD Design Parameters'!C9)/2000)*('WFGD Design Parameters'!C12/98)","v":5.0203738775510209E-2},"tons/hour"]
[]
["Waste Generation:"]
["Waste generation rate (qwaste) =","[1.811 x QLimestone x (EF/0.98) = ",{"$f":"(1.811*C38*(C12/98))","v":8.8135737118700541E-2},"tons/hour"]
[]
["Wastewater Flow Rate:"]
["Wastewater flow rate (F) =","A x (0.4 gallons/min/MW) =",{"$f":"'Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!C10*0.4","v":11.801973687274419},"gallons/minute"]

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["Wet FGD Cost Estimate"]
[]
["Total Capital Investment (TCI)"]
[]
[]
["TCI = 1.3 x (ABScost + RPEcost + WHECost + BOPcost) + WWTCost"]
[]
[]
[]
["Capital costs for the absorber (ABScost) =",{"$f":"B22","v":8478739.3775125388}]
["Reagent Preparation Equipment Costs (RPEcost) = ",{"$f":"B29","v":1839171.777046551}]
["Waste Handling Equipment (WHECost) =",{"$f":"B36","v":758320.42887695774}]
["Balance of Plant Costs (BOPcost) =",{"$f":"B43","v":16102837.151848454}]
["Wastewater Treatment Facility Costs (WWTcost) =",{"$f":"B51","v":13565812.254422294}]
["Total Capital Investment (TCI) =",{"$f":"1.3*(SUM(B10:B14))","v":52968345.286618829},{"$f":"\"in \"&'Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!$C$56&\" dollars\"&(IF('Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!S19=2,\" with disposal at onsite landfill\",IF('Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!S19=3,\" with disposal at offsite landfill\",\" \")))","v":"in 2022 dollars with disposal at offsite landfill"}]
[]
[null,null,null,null,null,"RF",{"$f":"IF('Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!S8=3,'Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!G7,(IF('Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!S8=2,0.77,0)))","v":1}]
["Wet FGD Capital Costs (ABScost)",null,null,null,null,"ELEVF",{"$f":"IF('Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!I44<500, 1,#REF!)","v":1}]
[null,null,null,null,null,"CEPCI",{"$f":"'Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!C57/'Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!F57","v":1.3069964925235369}]
["ABScost = 584,000 x (A)0.716 x (CoalF x HRF)0.6  x (S/2)0.02 x ELEVF x RF"]
[]
["Wet FGD Capital Costs (ABScost) = ",{"$f":"584000*('Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!C10^0.716)*(('WFGD Design Parameters'!C15*'WFGD Design Parameters'!C9)^0.6)*(('WFGD Design Parameters'!C16/2)^0.02)*G18*G17*G19","v":8478739.3775125388},{"$f":"\"in \"&'Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!$C$56 & \" dollars\"","v":"in 2022 dollars"}]
[]
[]
["Reagent Preparation Costs (RPEcost)"]
[]
[" RPEcost = 202,000 x A0.716 x (S x HRF)0.3 x RF"]
[]
["Reagent Preparation (RPEcost) = ",{"$f":"202000*('Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!C10^0.716)*(('WFGD Design Parameters'!C16*'WFGD Design Parameters'!C9)^0.3)*G17*G19","v":1839171.777046551},{"$f":"\"in \"&'Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!$C$56 & \" dollars\"","v":"in 2022 dollars"}]
[]
[]
["Waste Handling Equipment (WHECost)"]
[]
[" WHEcost = 106,000 x A0.716 x (S x HRF)0.45 x RF"]
[]
["Waste Recycling/Handling (WHEcost) = ",{"$f":"106000*('Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!C10^0.716)*(('WFGD Design Parameters'!C16*'WFGD Design Parameters'!C9)^0.45)*G17*G19","v":758320.42887695774},{"$f":"\"in \"&'Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!$C$56 & \" dollars\"","v":"in 2022 dollars"}]
[]
[]
["Balance of Plant Costs (BOPcost)"]
[]
["BOPcost = 1,070,000 x (A)0.716 x (CoalF x HRF)0.4 x ELEVF x RF"]
[]
["Balance of Plant Costs (BOPcost) =",{"$f":"1070000*('Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!C10^0.716)*(('WFGD Design Parameters'!C15*'WFGD Design Parameters'!C9)^0.4)*G18*G17*G19","v":16102837.151848454},{"$f":"\"in \"&'Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!$C$56 & \" dollars\"","v":"in 2022 dollars"}]
[]
["Wastewater Treatment Facility Costs (WWTcost)"]
["Wastewater Treatment Facility Costs with Onsite Landfill"]
["WWTcost = (41.36 F + 11,157,588) x RF x 0.898"]
["Wastewater Treatement Facility Costs with Offsite Landfill"]
["WWTcost = (41.16 F + 11,557,843) x RF x 0.898"]
[]
["Wastewater Treatment Facility Costs (WWTcost) =",{"$f":"IF('Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!S19=2,((41.36*'WFGD Design Parameters'!C44)+11157588)*0.898*G17*G19,(IF('Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!S19=3,((41.16*'WFGD Design Parameters'!C44)+11557843)*0.898*G17*G19,\" \")))","v":13565812.254422294},{"$f":"\"in \"&'Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!$C$56&\" dollars\"&(IF('Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!S19=2,\" with disposal at onsite landfill\",IF('Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!S19=3,\" with disposal at offsite landfill\",\" \")))","v":"in 2022 dollars with disposal at offsite landfill"}]
[]
[]
["Total Annual Cost (TAC)"]
["TAC = Direct Annual Costs + Indirect Annual Costs"]
[]
["Direct Annual Costs (DAC) =",{"$f":"C71","v":3075589.6416744064}]
["Indirect Annual Costs (IDAC) =",{"$f":"C77","v":4514298.7479282059}]
["Total annual costs (TAC) = DAC + IDAC",{"$f":"B57+B58","v":7589888.3896026127},{"$f":"\"in \"&'Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!$C$56 & \" dollars\"","v":"in 2022 dollars"}]
[]
["Direct Annual Costs (DAC)"]
["DAC = Annual Maintenance Cost + Annual Operator Cost + Annual Reagent Cost + Annual Make-up Water Cost + Annual Waste Disposal Cost + Annual Auxiliary Power Cost + Annual Wastewater Treatment Cost"]
["Annual Maintenance Cost =","0.015 x TCI =",{"$f":"(0.015*B15)","v":794525.17929928238}]
["Annual Operator Cost =","FT × 2,080 × Hourly Labor Rate",{"$f":"'Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!C48*2080*'Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!C65","v":611520}]
["Annual Reagent Cost =","Qlimestone x CostLimestone x top =",{"$f":"'Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!C61*'WFGD Design Parameters'!C38*'WFGD Design Parameters'!C11","v":126658.0084819592}]
["Annual Electricity Cost =","P x Costelect x top = ",{"$f":"'WFGD Design Parameters'!C32*'Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!C63*'WFGD Design Parameters'!C11","v":643921.38370158325}]
["Annual Make-up Water Cost =","qwater x Costwater x top =",{"$f":"'WFGD Design Parameters'!C35*'Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!C62*'WFGD Design Parameters'!C11*1000","v":248219.1984779741}]
["Annual Waste Disposal Cost  =","qwaste x Costfuel x top =",{"$f":"'WFGD Design Parameters'!C41*'Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!C64*'WFGD Design Parameters'!C11","v":198421.74769007292}]
["Annual Wastewater Treatment Cost =",{"$f":"IF('Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!S19=2,\"(4.847F + 479,023) x 0.958 x CFtotal =\", (IF('Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!S19=3,\"(6.3225F + 472,080) x 0.958 x CFtotal x ESC =\")))","v":"(6.3225F + 472,080) x 0.958 x CFtotal x ESC ="},{"$f":"IF('Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!S19=2,((4.847*'WFGD Design Parameters'!C44)+479023)*0.958*'WFGD Design Parameters'!C10,(IF('Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!S19=3,(((6.3225*'WFGD Design Parameters'!C44)+472080)*0.958*'WFGD Design Parameters'!C10),\" \")))","v":452324.124023535},{"$f":"IF('Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!S19=1, \" \",(IF('Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!S19=2,\"(with disposal at onsite landfill)\", \"(with disposal at offsite landfill)\")))","v":"(with disposal at offsite landfill)"}]
["Replacement Cost for Mercury Monitor  = ","CFmm x MMCost = ",{"$f":"'WFGD Design Parameters'!C27*'Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!C66","v":0},{"$f":"\"(replaced once every \"&'Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!C52&\" years.)\"","v":"(replaced once every 6 years.)"}]
["Direct Annual Cost = ",null,{"$f":"SUM(C63:C70)","v":3075589.6416744064},{"$f":"\"in \"&'Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!$C$56 & \" dollars\"","v":"in 2022 dollars"}]
[]
["Indirect Annual Cost (IDAC)"]
["IDAC = Administrative Charges + Capital Recovery Costs"]
["Administrative Charges (AC) = ","0.03 x (Annual Operator Cost + 0.4(Annual Maintenance Cost)) = ",{"$f":"0.03*(C64+(0.4)*(C63))","v":27879.902151591392}]
["Capital Recovery Costs (CR)=","CRF x TCI =",{"$f":"'WFGD Design Parameters'!C25*B15","v":4486418.8457766147}]
["Indirect Annual Cost (IDAC) =","AC + CR =",{"$f":"C75+C76","v":4514298.7479282059},{"$f":"\"in \"&'Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!$C$56 & \" dollars\"","v":"in 2022 dollars"}]
[]
[]
["Cost Effectiveness"]
[]
["Cost Effectiveness = Total Annual Cost/ SO2 Removed/year"]
["Total Annual Cost (TAC) =",{"$f":"B59","v":7589888.3896026127},{"$f":"\"per year in \"&'Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!$C$56 & \" dollars\"","v":"per year in 2022 dollars"}]
["SO2 Removed =",{"$f":"'WFGD Design Parameters'!C14","v":245.99832000000001},"tons/year"]
["Cost Effectiveness = ",{"$f":"B83/B84","v":30853.415542035458},"per ton of SO2 removed in ",{"$f":"'Wet & Dry FGD Data Inputs'!$C$56 & \" dollars\"","v":"2022 dollars"}]

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["Typical Costs for Random Packing Materials (1991$)",null,null,null,null,null,null,"Physical Properties of Common Pollutants"]
["Nominal Diameter (inches)","Construction Material","Packing Type","Packing cost ($/ft3)",null,null,null,"Pollutant","Molecular Weight","Diffusivity in Air at 25°C (cm2/sec)","Diffusivity in Water at 20°C (cm2/sec x 105)"]
[null,null,null,"<100 ft3",">100 ft3"]
[1,"304 stainless steel","Pall rings, Raschig rings, Ballast rings","70-109","65-99",null,null,"Ammonia",17,0.23599999999999999,1.76]
[1,"Ceramic","Raschig rings, Berl saddles","33-44","26-36",null,null,"Methanol",32,0.159,1.28]
[1,"Polypropylene","Tri-PakÒ, Pall rings, Ballast rings, Flexisaddles ","14-37","1934-12-01",null,null,"Ethyl Alcohol",46,0.11899999999999999,1]
[2,"Ceramic","Berl saddles, Raschig rings","13-32","2021-10-30",null,null,"Propyl Alcohol",60,0.1,0.87]
[2,"Polypropylene","Tri-PacÒ, LanpacÒ, Flexiring, Flexisaddle TelleretteÒ ","2021-03-20","2021-05-19",null,null,"Butyl Alcohol",74,0.09,0.77]
[3.5,"304 stainless steel","Ballast rings",30,27,null,null,"Acetic Acid",60,0.13300000000000001,0.88]
[3.5,"Polypropylene","Tri-packÒ, LanpacÒ, Ballast rings","2021-06-14","2021-06-12",null,null,"Hydrogen Chloride",36,0.187,2.64]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Hydrogen Bromide",36,0.129,1.93]
["Typical Packing Factors for Various Packing Materials for Wet Packed Tower Absorbers",null,null,null,null,null,null,"Hydrogen Fluoride",20,0.753,3.33]
["Packing Type","Construction Level","Nominal Diameter (inches)","Fp","a"]
["Raschig rings","Ceramic",0.5,640,111]
[null,null,0.625,380,100]
[null,null,0.75,255,80]
[null,null,1,160,58]
[null,null,1.5,95,38]
[null,null,2,65,28]
[null,null,3,37]
["Raschig rings","Metal",0.5,410,118]
[null,null,0.625,290]
[null,null,0.75,230,72]
[null,null,1,137,57]
[null,null,1.5,83,41]
[null,null,2,57,31]
[null,null,3,32,21]
["Pall rings","Metal",0.625,70,131]
[null,null,1,48,66]
[null,null,1.5,28,48]
[null,null,2,20,36]
[null,null,3.5,16]
["Pall rings","Polypropylene",0.625,97,110]
[null,null,1,52,63]
[null,null,1.5,32,39]
[null,null,2,25,31]
["Berl saddles","Ceramic",0.5,240,142]
[null,null,0.75,170,82]
[null,null,1,110,76]
[null,null,1.5,65,44]
[null,null,2,45,32]
["Intalox saddles","Ceramic",0.5,200,190]
[null,null,0.75,145,102]
[null,null,1,98,78]
[null,null,1.5,52,60]
[null,null,2,40,36]
[null,null,3,22]
["Tri-Packs®","Plastic",2,16,48]
[null,null,3.5,12,38]
[]
["Packing Constants Used to Estimate HG For Wet Packed Tower Absorbers"]
["Packing Type","Size (inches)","Packing Constants",null,null,"Applicable Rangea"]
[null,null,"α","Β","γ","Gsfr","Lsfr"]
["Raschig Rings",0.625,2.3199999999999998,0.45,0.47,"200-500","500-1,500"]
[null,1,7,0.39,0.57999999999999996,"200-800","400-500"]
[null,1,6.41,0.32,0.51,"200-600","500-4,500"]
[null,1.5,1.73,0.38,0.66,"200-700","500-1,500"]
[null,1.5,2.58,0.38,0.4,"200-700","1,500-4,500"]
[null,2,3.82,0.41,0.45,"200-800","500-4,500"]
["Berl Saddles",0.5,32.4,0.3,0.74,"200-700","500-1,500"]
[null,0.5,0.81,0.3,0.24,"200-700","1,500-4,500"]
[null,1,1.97,0.36,0.4,"200-800","400-4,500"]
[null,1.5,5.05,0.32,0.45,"200-1,000","400-4,500"]
["Partition Rings",3,640,0.57999999999999996,1.06,"150-900","3,000-10,000"]
["LanPac®",2.2999999999999998,7.6,0.33,-0.48,"400-3,000","500-8,000"]
["Tri-Packs®",2,1.4,0.33,0.4,"100-900","500-10,000"]
[null,3.5,1.7,0.33,0.45,"100-2,000","500-10,000"]
["a Units of lb/hr-ft2"]
[]
["Packing Constants Used to Estimate HL For Wet Packed Tower Absorbers"]
["Packing Type","Size (inches)","Packing Constants",null,"Applicable Rangea"]
[null,null,"φ","b","Lasfr"]
["Raschig Rings",0.375,1.82E-3,0.46,"400-15,000"]
[null,1,3.5699999999999998E-3,0.35,"400-15,000"]
[null,1.5,0.01,0.22,"400-15,000"]
[null,2.5,1.11E-2,0.22,"400-15,000"]
[null,2,1.2500000000000001E-2,0.22,"400-15,000"]
["Berl Saddles",0.5,6.6600000000000001E-3,0.28000000000000003,"400-15,000"]
[null,1,5.8799999999999998E-3,0.28000000000000003,"400-15,000"]
[null,1.5,6.2500000000000003E-3,0.28000000000000003,"400-15,000"]
["Partition Rings",3,6.25E-2,0.09,"3,000-14,000"]
["LanPac®",2.2999999999999998,3.8999999999999998E-3,0.33,"500-8,000"]
[null,3.5,4.1999999999999997E-3,0.33,"500-8,000"]
["Tri-Packs®",2,3.0999999999999999E-3,0.33,"500-10,000"]
[null,3.5,4.0000000000000001E-3,0.33,"500-10,000"]
["a Units of lb/hr-ft2"]
[]
[]
["Packing Constants Used to Estimate Pressure Drop For Wet Packed Tower Absorbers"]
["Packing Type","Construction Material","Nominal Diameter (inches)","c","j"]
["Raschig rings","ceramic",0.5,3.1,0.41]
[null,null,0.75,1.34,0.26]
[null,null,1,0.97,0.25]
[null,null,1.25,0.56999999999999995,0.23]
[null,null,1.5,0.39,0.23]
[null,null,2,0.24,0.17]
["Raschig rings","metal",0.625,1.2,0.28000000000000003]
[null,null,1,0.42,0.21]
[null,null,1.5,0.28999999999999998,0.2]
[null,null,2,0.23,0.13500000000000001]
["Pall rings","metal",0.625,0.43,0.17]
[null,null,1,0.15,0.16]
[null,null,1.5,0.08,0.15]
[null,null,2,0.06,0.12]
["Berl saddles","ceramic",0.5,1.2,0.21]
[null,null,0.75,0.62,0.17]
[null,null,1,0.39,0.17]
[null,null,1.5,0.21,0.13]
["Intalox saddles","ceramic",0.5,0.82,0.2]
[null,null,0.75,0.28000000000000003,0.16]
[null,null,1,0.31,0.16]
[null,null,1.5,0.14000000000000001,0.14000000000000001]
["a Units of lb/hr-ft2"]